22500. No person shall stop, park, or leave standing any vehicle
whether attended or unattended, except when necessary to avoid
conflict with other traffic or in compliance with the directions of a
peace officer or official traffic control device, in any of the
following places:
(a) Within an intersection, except adjacent to curbs as may be
permitted by local ordinance.
(b) On a crosswalk, except that a bus engaged as a common carrier
or a taxicab may stop in an unmarked crosswalk to load or unload
passengers when authorized by the legislative body of any city
pursuant to an ordinance.
(c) Between a safety zone and the adjacent right-hand curb or
within the area between the zone and the curb as may be indicated by
a sign or red paint on the curb, which sign or paint was erected or
placed by local authorities pursuant to an ordinance.
(d) Within 15 feet of the driveway entrance to any fire station.
This subdivision does not apply to any vehicle owned or operated by a
fire department and clearly marked as a fire department vehicle.
(e) In front of a public or private driveway, except that a bus
engaged as a common carrier, schoolbus, or a taxicab may stop to load
or unload passengers when authorized by local authorities pursuant
to an ordinance.
In unincorporated territory, where the entrance of a private road
or driveway is not delineated by an opening in a curb or by other
curb construction, so much of the surface of the ground as is paved,
surfaced, or otherwise plainly marked by vehicle use as a private
road or driveway entrance, shall constitute a driveway.
(f) On any portion of a sidewalk, or with the body of the vehicle
extending over any portion of a sidewalk, except electric carts when
authorized by local ordinance, as specified in Section 21114.5.
Lights, mirrors, or devices that are required to be mounted upon a
vehicle under this code may extend from the body of the vehicle over
the sidewalk to a distance of not more than 10 inches.
(g) Alongside or opposite any street or highway excavation or
obstruction when stopping, standing, or parking would obstruct
traffic.
(h) On the roadway side of any vehicle stopped, parked, or
standing at the curb or edge of a highway, except for a schoolbus
when stopped to load or unload pupils in a business or residence
district where the speed limit is 25 miles per hour or less.
(i) Except as provided under Section 22500.5, alongside curb space
authorized for the loading and unloading of passengers of a bus
engaged as a common carrier in local transportation when indicated by
a sign or red paint on the curb erected or painted by local
authorities pursuant to an ordinance.
(j) In a tube or tunnel, except vehicles of the authorities in
charge, being used in the repair, maintenance, or inspection of the
facility.
(k) Upon a bridge, except vehicles of the authorities in charge,
being used in the repair, maintenance, or inspection of the facility,
and except that buses engaged as a common carrier in local
transportation may stop to load or unload passengers upon a bridge
where sidewalks are provided, when authorized by local authorities
pursuant to an ordinance, and except that local authorities pursuant
to an ordinance or the Department of Transportation pursuant to an
order, within their respective jurisdictions, may permit parking on
bridges having sidewalks and shoulders of sufficient width to permit
parking without interfering with the normal movement of traffic on
the roadway. Local authorities, by ordinance or resolution, may
permit parking on these bridges on state highways in their respective
jurisdictions if the ordinance or resolution is first approved in
writing by the Department of Transportation. Parking shall not be
permitted unless there are signs in place, as may be necessary, to
indicate the provisions of local ordinances or the order of the
Department of Transportation.
(l) In front of or upon that portion of a curb that has been cut
down, lowered, or constructed to provide wheelchair accessibility to
the sidewalk.
22500.1. In addition to Section 22500, no person shall stop, park,
or leave standing any vehicle, whether attended or unattended, except
when necessary to avoid conflict with other traffic or in compliance
with the directions of a peace officer or official traffic control
device along the edge of any highway, at any curb, or in any location
in a publicly or privately owned or operated off-street parking
facility, designated as a fire lane by the fire department or fire
district with jurisdiction over the area in which the place is
located.
The designation shall be indicated (1) by a sign posted
immediately adjacent to, and visible from, the designated place
clearly stating in letters not less than one inch in height that the
place is a fire lane, (2) by outlining or painting the place in red
and, in contrasting color, marking the place with the words "FIRE
LANE", which are clearly visible from a vehicle, or (3) by a red curb
or red paint on the edge of the roadway upon which is clearly marked
the words "FIRE LANE".
22500.5. Upon agreement between a transit system operating buses
engaged as common carriers in local transportation and a public
school district, local authorities may, by ordinance, permit
schoolbuses owned by, or operated under contract for, that public
school district to stop for the loading or unloading of passengers
alongside any or all curb spaces designated for the loading or
unloading of passengers of the transit system buses.
22501. No ordinance enacted by local authorities pursuant to
subdivisions (e) and (k) of Section 22500 or Section 22507.2 shall
become effective as to any state highway without prior submission to
and approval by the Department of Transportation in the same manner
as required by Section 21104. Nothing contained in this section and
Section 22500 shall be construed as authorizing local authorities to
enact legislation which is contrary to the provisions of Sections
22512 and 25301.
22502. (a) Except as otherwise provided in this chapter every
vehicle stopped or parked upon a roadway where there are adjacent
curbs shall be stopped or parked with the right-hand wheels of such
vehicle parallel with and within 18 inches of the right-hand curb,
except that motorcycles shall be parked with at least one wheel or
fender touching the right-hand curb. Where no curbs or barriers
bound any two-way roadway, right-hand parallel parking is required
unless otherwise indicated.
(b) The provisions of subdivision (a) or (e) do not apply to a
commercial vehicle if a variation from the requirements of
subdivision (a) or (e) is reasonably necessary to accomplish the
loading or unloading of merchandise or passengers on, or from, such
vehicle and while anything connected with such loading, or unloading,
is being executed.
This subdivision shall not be construed to permit any vehicle to
stop or park upon a roadway in a direction opposite to that in which
traffic normally moves upon that half of the roadway on which such
vehicle is stopped or parked.
(c) Notwithstanding the provisions of subdivision (b), local
authorities may, by ordinance, prohibit commercial vehicles from
stopping, parking, or standing on one side of a roadway in a business
district with the wheels of such vehicle more than 18 inches from
the curb. The ordinance shall be effective only if signs are placed
in the areas to which it is applicable clearly indicating the
prohibition.
(d) This section does not apply to vehicles of a public utility
when such vehicles are being used in connection with the operation,
maintenance, or repair of facilities of the public utility or are
being used in connection with providing public utility service.
(e) Upon a one-way roadway, vehicles may be stopped or parked as
provided in subdivision (a) or with the left-hand wheels parallel to
and within 18 inches of the left-hand curb, except that motorcycles,
if parked on the left-hand side, shall have either one wheel or one
fender touching such curb. Where no curb or barriers bound any such
one-way roadway, parallel parking on either side is required unless
otherwise indicated.
The provisions of this subdivision shall not apply upon the
roadways of a divided highway.
22503. Local authorities may by ordinance permit angle parking on
any roadway, or left-hand parking upon one-way roadways of divided
highways, except that no ordinance is effective with respect to any
state highway until the proposed ordinance has been submitted to and
approved in writing by the Department of Transportation.
22503.5. Notwithstanding any other provision of this code, any
local authority may, by ordinance or resolution, establish special
parking regulations for two-wheeled or three-wheeled motor vehicles.
22504. (a) Upon any highway in unincorporated areas no person shall
stop, park, or leave standing any vehicle, whether attended or
unattended, upon the roadway when it is practicable to stop, park, or
leave the vehicle off such portion of the highway, but in every
event an unobstructed width of the highway opposite a standing
vehicle shall be left for the free passage of other vehicles and a
clear view of the stopped vehicle shall be available from a distance
of 200 feet in each direction upon the highway. This section shall
not apply upon a highway where the roadway is bounded by adjacent
curbs.
(b) This section shall not apply to the driver of any vehicle
which is disabled in such a manner and to such extent that it is
impossible to avoid stopping and temporarily leaving the disabled
vehicle on the roadway.
(c) When, in the judgment of the governing board of a school
district, it is necessary for the safety of pupils being transported
to and from schools to authorize a schoolbus stop at a place where
there is not a clear view of the stop from a distance of 200 feet in
each direction along the highway, such stop may be authorized by and
with the approval of the California Highway Patrol. The Department
of Transportation, in respect to state highways, and local
authorities, in respect to highways under their jurisdiction, shall
place sufficient signs along the highway to give adequate notice to
motorists that they are approaching such bus stops.
22505. (a) The Department of Transportation with respect to
highways under its jurisdiction may place signs or markings
prohibiting or restricting the stopping, standing, or parking of
vehicles, including, but not limited to, vehicles which are six feet
or more in height (including any load thereon), in any of the
following areas and under the following conditions:
(1) In areas where, in its opinion, stopping, standing, or parking
is dangerous to those using the highway or where the stopping,
standing, or parking of vehicles would unduly interfere with the free
movement of traffic thereon.
(2) In areas within one-half mile of the boundary of any unit of
the state park system which the Director of Conservation has
determined are unusually high fire hazard areas, upon notification of
the Department of Transportation of such determination by the
Director of Conservation.
(3) In areas within one-half mile of the boundary of any unit of
the state park system which the county health officer has determined
are areas where a substantial public health hazard would result if
camping were allowed, upon notification of the Department of
Transportation of such determination by the county health officer.
(b) No person shall stop, park, or leave standing any vehicle in
violation of the restrictions stated on the signs or markings.
(c) This section does not apply to any of the following:
(1) Public utility vehicles while performing a work operation.
(2) The driver of any vehicle which is disabled in such a manner
and to such an extent that it is impossible to avoid stopping,
parking, or leaving the disabled vehicle standing on the roadway.
22506. Local authorities may by ordinance or resolution prohibit or
restrict the stopping, standing, or parking of vehicles on a state
highway, in their respective jurisdictions, if the ordinance or
resolution is first submitted to and approved in writing by the
Department of Transportation, except that where maintenance of any
state highway is delegated by the Department of Transportation to a
city, the department may also delegate to the city the powers
conferred on the department.
22507. (a) Local authorities may, by ordinance or resolution,
prohibit or restrict the stopping, parking, or standing of vehicles,
including, but not limited to, vehicles that are six feet or more in
height (including any load thereon) within 100 feet of any
intersection, on certain streets or highways, or portions thereof,
during all or certain hours of the day. The ordinance or resolution
may include a designation of certain streets upon which preferential
parking privileges are given to residents and merchants adjacent to
the streets for their use and the use of their guests, under which
the residents and merchants may be issued a permit or permits that
exempt them from the prohibition or restriction of the ordinance or
resolution. With the exception of alleys, the ordinance or
resolution shall not apply until signs or markings giving adequate
notice thereof have been placed. A local ordinance or resolution
adopted pursuant to this section may contain provisions that are
reasonable and necessary to ensure the effectiveness of a
preferential parking program.
(b) An ordinance or resolution adopted under this section may also
authorize preferential parking permits for members of organizations,
professions, or other designated groups, including, but not limited
to, school personnel, to park on specified streets if the local
authority determines that the use of the permits will not adversely
affect parking conditions for residents and merchants in the area.
22507.2. Notwithstanding subdivision (e) of Section 22500, a local
authority may, by ordinance, authorize the owner or lessee of
property to park a vehicle in front of the owner's or lessee's
private driveway when the vehicle displays a permit issued pursuant
to the ordinance authorizing such parking.
The local authority may charge a nonrefundable fee to defray the
costs of issuing and administering the permits.
A local ordinance adopted pursuant to this section may not
authorize parking on a sidewalk in violation of subdivision (f) of
Section 22500.
22507.5. (a) Notwithstanding Section 22507, local authorities may,
by ordinance or resolution, prohibit or restrict the parking or
standing of vehicles on certain streets or highways, or portions
thereof, between the hours of 2 a.m. and 6 a.m., and may, by
ordinance or resolution, prohibit or restrict the parking or
standing, on any street, or portion thereof, in a residential
district, of commercial vehicles having a manufacturer's gross
vehicle weight rating of 10,000 pounds or more. The ordinance or
resolution relating to parking between the hours of 2 a.m. and 6 a.m.
may provide for a system of permits for the purpose of exempting
from the prohibition or restriction of the ordinance or resolution
handicapped persons, residents, and guests of residents of
residential areas, including, but not limited to, high-density and
multiple-family dwelling areas, lacking adequate offstreet parking
facilities. The ordinance or resolution relating to the parking or
standing of commercial vehicles in a residential district, however,
shall not be effective with respect to any commercial vehicle making
pickups or deliveries of goods, wares, and merchandise from or to any
building or structure located on the restricted streets or highways
or for the purpose of delivering materials to be used in the actual
and bona fide repair, alteration, remodeling, or construction of any
building or structure upon the restricted streets or highways for
which a building permit has previously been obtained.
(b) Subdivision (a) of this section is applicable to vehicles
specified in subdivision (a) of Section 31303, except that no
ordinance or resolution adopted pursuant to subdivision (a) of this
section may permit the parking of those vehicles which is otherwise
prohibited under this code.
(c) For the purpose of implementing this section, each local
authority may, by ordinance, define the term "residential district"
in accordance with its zoning ordinance. The ordinance shall not be
effective unless the legislative body of the local authority holds a
public hearing on the proposed ordinance prior to its adoption, with
notice of the public hearing given in accordance with Section 65090
of the Government Code.
22507.6. Local authorities may, by ordinance or resolution,
prohibit or restrict the parking or standing of vehicles on
designated streets or highways, or portions thereof, for the purpose
of street sweeping. No ordinance or resolution relating to the
parking or standing of commercial vehicles in a residential district
shall be effective with respect to any commercial vehicle making
pickups or deliveries of goods, wares, or merchandise from or to any
building or structure located on the restricted street or highway, or
for the purpose of delivering materials to be used in the repair,
alteration, remodeling, or reconstruction of any building or
structure for which a building permit has previously been obtained.
No such ordinance or resolution shall be effective until the street
or highway, or portion thereof, has been sign-posted in accordance
with the uniform standards and specifications of the Department of
Transportation, or local authorities have caused to be posted in a
conspicuous place at each entrance to the street a notice not less
than 17 inches by 22 inches in size, with lettering not less than
one inch in height, setting forth the day or days and hours parking
is prohibited. As used in this section, "entrance" means the
intersection of any street or streets comprising an area of
restricted parking for street-sweeping purposes on the same day or
days and hours with another street or highway not subject to such a
parking restriction, or subject to parking restrictions on different
days and hours.
22507.8. (a) It is unlawful for any person to park or leave
standing any vehicle in a stall or space designated for disabled
persons and disabled veterans pursuant to Section 22511.7 or 22511.8,
unless the vehicle displays either a special identification license
plate issued pursuant to Section 5007 or a distinguishing placard
issued pursuant to Section 22511.55 or 22511.59.
(b) It is unlawful for any person to obstruct, block, or otherwise
bar access to those parking stalls or spaces except as provided in
subdivision (a).
(c) It is unlawful for any person to park or leave standing any
vehicle, including a vehicle displaying a special identification
license plate issued pursuant to Section 5007 or a distinguishing
placard issued pursuant to Section 22511.55 or 22511.59, in either of
the following places:
(1) On the lines marking the boundaries of a parking stall or
space designated for disabled persons or disabled veterans.
(2) In any area of the pavement adjacent to a parking stall or
space designated for disabled persons or disabled veterans that is
marked by crosshatched lines and is thereby designated, pursuant to
any local ordinance, for the loading and unloading of vehicles parked
in the stall or space.
(d) Subdivisions (a), (b), and (c) apply to all offstreet parking
facilities owned or operated by the state, and to all offstreet
parking facilities owned or operated by a local authority.
Subdivisions (a), (b), and (c) also apply to any privately owned and
maintained offstreet parking facility.
22507.9. Local authorities may establish a special enforcement unit
for the sole purpose of providing adequate enforcement of Section
22507.8 and local ordinances and resolutions adopted pursuant to
Section 22511.7.
Local authorities may establish recruitment and employment
guidelines that encourage and enable employment of qualified disabled
persons in these special enforcement units.
Members of the special enforcement unit may issue notices of
parking violation for violations of Section 22507.8 and local
ordinances adopted pursuant to Section 22511.7. Members of the
special enforcement unit shall not be peace officers and shall not
make arrests in the course of their official duties, but shall wear
distinctive uniforms and badges while on duty. A two-way radio unit,
which may utilize police frequencies or citizens' band, may be
issued by the local authority to each member of the special
enforcement unit for use while on duty.
The local authority may pay the cost of uniforms and badges for
the special enforcement unit, and may provide daily cleaning of the
uniforms. Additionally, the local authority may provide motorized
wheelchairs for use by members of the special unit while on duty,
including batteries and necessary recharging thereof. Any motorized
wheelchair used by a member of the special enforcement unit while on
duty shall be equipped with a single headlamp in the front and a
single stoplamp in the rear.
Members of the special enforcement unit may be paid an hourly wage
without the compensatory benefits provided other permanent and
temporary employees, but shall be entitled to applicable workers'
compensation benefits as provided by law. Insurance provided by the
local authority for disability or liability of a member of the
special enforcement unit shall be the same as for other employees
performing similar duties.
Nothing in this section precludes a local authority from using
regular full-time employees to enforce this chapter and ordinances
adopted pursuant thereto.
This section applies to all counties and cities, including every
charter city and city and county.
22508. Local authorities shall not establish parking meter zones or
fix the rate of fees for such zones except by ordinance. An
ordinance establishing a parking meter zone shall describe the area
which would be included within the zone.
Local authorities may by ordinance cause streets and highways to
be marked with white lines designating parking spaces and require
vehicles to park within the parking spaces.
No ordinance adopted by any local authority pursuant to this
section with respect to any state highway shall become effective
until the proposed ordinance has been submitted to and approved in
writing by the Department of Transportation. The proposed ordinance
shall be submitted to the department only by action of the local
legislative body and the proposed ordinance shall be submitted in
complete draft form.
Any ordinance adopted pursuant to this section establishing a
parking meter zone or fixing rates of fees for such a zone shall be
subject to local referendum processes in the same manner as if such
ordinance dealt with a matter of purely local concern.
22509. Local authorities within the reasonable exercise of their
police powers may adopt rules and regulations by ordinance or
resolution providing that no person driving, or in control of, or in
charge of, a motor vehicle shall permit it to stand on any highway
unattended when upon any grade exceeding 3 percent within any
business or residence district without blocking the wheels of the
vehicle by turning them against the curb or by other means.
22510. (a) Local authorities may, by ordinance or resolution,
prohibit or restrict the parking or standing of vehicles on
designated streets or highways within their jurisdiction, or portions
thereof, for the purpose of snow removal. The ordinance or
resolution shall not be effective until the street or highway, or
portion thereof, has been sign-posted in accordance with the uniform
standards and specifications of the Department of Transportation, or
until the local authorities have caused to be posted in a conspicuous
place at each entrance to the street or highway, a notice not less
than 17 inches by 22 inches in size, with lettering not less than one
inch in height, setting forth the days parking is prohibited. The
signs shall, at a minimum, be placed on each affected street or
highway, at the boundary of the local authority, and at the beginning
and end of each highway or highway segment included in that area.
No person shall stop, park, or leave standing any vehicle, whether
attended or unattended, within the area marked by signs, except when
necessary to avoid conflict with other traffic or in compliance with
the directions of a traffic or peace officer.
(b) No ordinance or resolution authorized by subdivision (a) which
affects a state highway shall be effective until it is submitted to,
and approved by, the Department of Transportation.
(c) The Department of Transportation, with respect to state
highways, may restrict the parking or standing of vehicles for
purposes of snow removal. The restrictions shall not be effective
until the highway, or portion thereof, has been posted with signs in
accordance with the uniform standards and specifications of the
department. No person shall stop, park, or leave standing any
vehicle, whether attended or unattended, within the area marked by
parking restriction signs, except when necessary to avoid conflict
with other traffic or in compliance with the directions of a traffic
or peace officer.
22511. (a) Any local authority, by ordinance or resolution, and any
person in lawful possession of an offstreet parking facility may
designate stalls or spaces in an offstreet parking facility owned or
operated by that local authority or person for the exclusive purpose
of fueling and parking a vehicle that displays a valid zero-emission
vehicle (ZEV) decal identification posted on the driver's side rear
window or bumper of the vehicle or, notwithstanding any other
provision of law, if the vehicle does not have a rear window or
bumper, on the driver's side of the windshield issued by the
Department of Motor Vehicles pursuant to this section. The
designation shall be made by posting a sign in compliance with
subdivision (d) or (e).
(b) If posted in accordance with subdivision (d) or (e), the owner
or person in lawful possession of a privately owned or operated
offstreet parking facility, after notifying the police or sheriff's
department, may cause the removal of a vehicle from a stall or space
designated pursuant to subdivision (a) in the facility to the nearest
public garage if a valid ZEV decal identification issued pursuant to
this section is not displayed on the vehicle.
(c) If posted in accordance with subdivision (d), the local
authority owning or operating an offstreet parking facility, after
notifying the police or sheriff's department, may cause the removal
of a vehicle from a stall or space designated pursuant to subdivision
(a) in the facility to the nearest garage, as defined in Section
340, that is owned, leased, or approved for use by a public agency if
a valid ZEV decal identification issued pursuant to this section is
not displayed on the vehicle.
(d) The posting required for an offstreet parking facility owned
or operated either privately or by a local authority shall consist of
a sign not less than 17 by 22 inches in size with lettering not less
than one inch in height which clearly and conspicuously states the
following: "Unauthorized vehicles not displaying valid zero-emission
vehicle decal identifications will be towed away at owner's expense.
Towed vehicles may be reclaimed at
____________________________________ or by telephoning
(Address)
_____________________________________________________."
(Telephone number of local law enforcement agency)
The sign shall be posted in either of the following locations:
(1) Immediately adjacent to, and visible from, the stall or space.
(2) In a conspicuous place at each entrance to the offstreet
parking facility.
(e) If the parking facility is privately owned and public parking
is prohibited by the posting of a sign meeting the requirements of
paragraph (1) of subdivision (a) of Section 22658, the requirements
of subdivision (b) may be met by the posting of a sign immediately
adjacent to, and visible from, each stall or space indicating that a
vehicle not meeting the requirements of subdivision (a) will be
removed at the owner's expense and containing the telephone number of
the local traffic law enforcement agency.
(f) (1) For purposes of implementing this section, the Department
of Motor Vehicles shall make available for issuance, beginning July
1, 2003, for a fee determined by the Department of Motor Vehicles to
be sufficient to reimburse it for actual costs incurred pursuant to
this section, distinctive decals for zero-emission vehicles.
(2) The department shall design the decal, which shall be two
inches by two inches, and be placed on the driver's side rear window
or bumper of the vehicle, or, notwithstanding any other provision of
law, if the vehicle does not have a rear window or bumper, on the
driver's side of the windshield. Each decal shall display a unique
number. The decal may be provided to car dealers who sell electric
vehicles for distribution to ZEV purchasers.
(g) For purposes of this section, "zero-emission vehicle" means
any car, truck, or any other vehicle that produces no tailpipe or
evaporative emissions.
(h) Nothing in this section is intended to interfere with existing
law governing the ability of local authorities to adopt ordinances
related to parking programs within their jurisdiction, such as
programs that provide free parking in metered areas or municipal
garages for electric vehicles.
22511.1. (a) A person may not park or leave standing any vehicle in
a stall or space designated pursuant to Section 22511 unless a valid
zero-emission vehicle decal identification issued pursuant to
Section 22511 is displayed on that vehicle.
(b) A person may not obstruct, block, or otherwise bar access to
parking stalls or spaces described in subdivision (a) except as
provided in subdivision (a).
(c) A person shall not display a decal issued pursuant to Section
22511 on a vehicle that does not use electricity as the motive power.
22511.5. (a) (1) Any disabled person or disabled veteran displaying
special identification license plates issued under Section 5007 or a
distinguishing placard issued under Section 22511.55 or 22511.59
shall be allowed to park for unlimited periods in any of the
following zones:
(A) In any restricted zone described in paragraph (5) of
subdivision (a) of Section 21458 or on streets upon which
preferential parking privileges and height limits have been given
pursuant to Section 22507.
(B) In any parking zone that is restricted as to the length of
time parking is permitted as indicated by a sign erected pursuant to
a local ordinance.
(2) Any disabled person or disabled veteran shall be allowed to
park in any metered parking space without being required to pay any
parking meter fees.
(3) This subdivision does not apply to any zone for which state
law or ordinance absolutely prohibits stopping, parking, or standing
of all vehicles, or which the law or ordinance reserves for special
types of vehicles, or to the parking of any vehicle that is involved
in the operation of a street vending business.
(b) Any disabled person or disabled veteran shall be allowed to
park a vehicle displaying a special identification disabled person
license plate or placard issued by a foreign jurisdiction with the
same parking privileges authorized in this code for any vehicle
displaying a special identification license plate or a distinguishing
placard issued by the Department of Motor Vehicles.
22511.55. (a) (1) Any disabled person or disabled veteran may apply
to the department for the issuance of a distinguishing placard. The
placard may be used in lieu of the special identification license
plate or plates issued under Section 5007 for parking purposes
described in Section 22511.5 when suspended from the rear view mirror
or, if there is no rear view mirror, when displayed on the dashboard
of a vehicle. It is the intent of the Legislature to encourage the
use of these distinguishing placards because they provide law
enforcement officers with a more readily recognizable symbol for
distinguishing vehicles qualified for the parking privilege. The
placard shall be the size, shape, and color determined by the
department and shall bear the International Symbol of Access adopted
pursuant to Section 3 of Public Law 100-641, commonly known as the
"wheelchair symbol." The department shall incorporate instructions
for the lawful use of a placard, and a summary of the penalties for
the unlawful use of a placard, into the identification card issued to
the placard owner.
(2) (A) The department may establish procedures for the issuance
and renewal of the placards. The placards shall have a fixed
expiration date of June 30 every two years. A portion of the placard
shall be printed in a contrasting color that shall be changed every
two years. The size and color of this contrasting portion of the
placard shall be large and distinctive enough to be readily
identifiable by a law enforcement officer in a passing vehicle.
(B) As used in this section, "year" means the period between the
inclusive dates of July 1 through June 30.
(C) Prior to the end of each year, the department shall, for the
most current three years available, compare its record of disability
placards issued against the records of the Bureau of Vital Statistics
of the State Department of Health Services, or its successor, and
withhold any renewal notices that otherwise would have been sent, for
any placard holders identified as deceased.
(3) Except as provided in paragraph (4), no person is eligible for
more than one placard at any time.
(4) Organizations and agencies involved in the transportation of
disabled persons or disabled veterans may apply for a placard for
each vehicle used for the purpose of transporting disabled persons or
disabled veterans.
(b) (1) Prior to issuing any disabled person or disabled veteran
an original distinguishing placard, the department shall require the
submission of a certificate, in accordance with paragraph (2), signed
by the physician or surgeon substantiating the disability, unless
the applicant's disability is readily observable and uncontested.
The disability of any person who has lost, or has lost use of, one or
more lower extremities or both hands, or who has significant
limitation in the use of lower extremities, may also be certified by
a licensed chiropractor. The blindness of any applicant shall be
certified by a licensed physician or surgeon who specializes in
diseases of the eye or a licensed optometrist. The physician or
person certifying the qualifying disability shall provide a full
description of the illness or disability on the form submitted to the
department.
(2) The physician or other person who signs a certificate
submitted under this subdivision shall retain information sufficient
to substantiate that certificate and, upon request of the department,
shall make that information available for inspection by the Medical
Board of California.
(3) The department shall maintain in its records all information
on an applicant's certification of permanent disability and shall
make that information available to eligible law enforcement or
parking control agencies upon a request pursuant to Section 22511.58.
(c) Any person who has been issued a distinguishing placard
pursuant to subdivision (a) may apply to the department for a
substitute placard without recertification of eligibility, if that
placard has been lost or stolen.
(d) The distinguishing placard shall be returned to the department
not later than 60 days after the death of the disabled person or
disabled veteran to whom the placard was issued.
22511.56. (a) Any person using a distinguishing placard issued
pursuant to Section 22511.55 or 22511.59 for parking as permitted by
Section 22511.5 shall, upon request of any peace officer or person
authorized to enforce parking laws, ordinances, or regulations,
present identification and evidence of the issuance of that placard
to that person.
(b) Failure to present the requested identification and evidence
of the issuance of that placard shall be a rebuttable presumption
that the placard is being misused and that the associated vehicle has
been parked in violation of the provisions of Section 22507.8.
(c) In addition to any other applicable penalty for the misuse of
a placard, the officer or parking enforcement person may confiscate a
placard being used for parking purposes that benefit any person
other than the person to whom the placard was issued by the
Department of Motor Vehicles. A placard lawfully used by a person
transporting a disabled person pursuant to subdivision (b) of Section
4461 shall not be confiscated.
22511.57. Local authorities may, by ordinance or resolution,
prohibit or restrict the parking or standing of a vehicle on streets
or highways or from a disabled person's parking stall or space of a
privately or publicly owned or operated offstreet parking facility
within their jurisdiction when the vehicle displays, in order to
obtain special parking privileges, a disabled placard issued pursuant
to Section 22511.55, and the Department of Motor Vehicles record for
the identification number assigned to the placard indicates that the
card has been reported as lost or stolen, or was issued to a person
who has been reported as being deceased for a period exceeding 60
days.
22511.58. (a) Upon a request to the department by a local public
law enforcement agency or local agency responsible for the
administration or enforcement of parking regulations, the department
shall make available to the requesting agency any information
contained in a physician's certificate submitted to the department as
part of the application for a disabled person's parking privileges,
substantiating the disability of a person applying for or who has
been issued a parking placard pursuant to Section 22511.55. The
department shall not provide the information specified in this
subdivision to any private or other third-party parking citation
processing agency.
(b) Local authorities may establish a review board or panel, which
shall include a qualified physician or medical authority, for
purposes of reviewing information contained in the applications for
special parking privileges and the certification of qualifying
disabilities for persons residing within the jurisdiction of the
local authority. Any findings or determinations by a review board or
panel under this section indicating that an application or
certification is fraudulent or lacks proper certification may be
transmitted to the department or other appropriate authorities for
further review and investigation.
22511.59. (a) Upon receipt of the applications and documents
required by subdivisions (b), (c), or (d), the department shall issue
a temporary distinguishing placard bearing the International Symbol
of Access adopted pursuant to Section 3 of Public Law 100-641
commonly known as the "wheelchair symbol." During the period for
which it is valid, the temporary distinguishing placard may be used
for the parking purposes described in Section 22511.5 in the same
manner as a distinguishing placard issued pursuant to Section
22511.55.
(b) (1) Any person who is temporarily disabled for a period of not
more than six months may apply to the department for the issuance of
the temporary distinguishing placard described in subdivision (a).
(2) Prior to issuing a placard pursuant to this subdivision, the
department shall require the submission of a certificate signed by a
physician or surgeon, as described in subdivision (b) of Section
22511.55, substantiating the temporary disability and stating the
date upon which the disability is expected to terminate.
(3) The physician or other person who signs a certificate
submitted under this subdivision shall maintain information
sufficient to substantiate that certificate and, upon request of the
department, shall make that information available for inspection by
the Medical Board of California.
(4) A placard issued pursuant to this subdivision shall expire not
later than 180 days from the date of issuance or upon the expected
termination date of the disability, as stated on the certificate
required by paragraph (2), whichever is less.
(5) The fee for a temporary placard issued pursuant to this
subdivision shall be six dollars ($6).
(c) (1) Any disabled person or disabled veteran who is not a
resident of this state and plans to travel within the state may apply
to the department for the issuance of the temporary distinguishing
placard described in subdivision (a).
(2) Prior to issuing a placard pursuant to this subdivision, the
department shall require certification of the disability, as
described in subdivision (b) of Section 22511.55.
(3) The physician or other person who signs a certificate
submitted under this subdivision shall maintain information
sufficient to substantiate that certificate and, upon request of the
department, shall make that information available for inspection by
the Medical Board of California.
(4) A placard issued pursuant to this subdivision shall expire not
later than 90 days from the date of issuance.
(d) (1) Any disabled person or disabled veteran who has been
issued either a distinguishing placard pursuant to Section 22511.55
or special identification license plates pursuant to Section 5007,
but not both, may apply to the department for the issuance of the
temporary distinguishing placard for the purpose of travel described
in subdivision (a).
(2) Prior to issuing a placard pursuant to this subdivision, the
department shall require the applicant to submit either the number
identifying the distinguishing placard issued pursuant to Section
22511.55 or the number on the special identification license plates.
(3) A placard issued pursuant to this subdivision shall expire not
later than 30 days from the date of issuance.
22511.6. (a) The Department of Motor Vehicles may cancel or revoke
a distinguishing placard issued pursuant to Section 22511.55 or
22511.59 in any of the following events:
(1) When the department is satisfied that the placard was
fraudulently obtained or erroneously issued.
(2) When the department determines that the required fee has not
been paid and the fee is not paid upon reasonable notice and demand.
(3) When the placard could have been refused when last issued or
renewed.
(4) When the department determines that the owner of the placard
has committed any offense described in Section 4461 or 4463,
involving the placard to be canceled or revoked.
(5) When the department determines that the owner of the placard
is deceased.
(b) Whenever the Department of Motor Vehicles cancels or revokes a
distinguishing placard, the owner or person in possession of the
placard shall immediately return the placard to the department.
22511.7. In addition to Section 22511.8 for offstreet parking, a
local authority may, by ordinance or resolution, designate parking
spaces for the exclusive use of any vehicle which displays either a
special identification license plate issued pursuant to Section 5007
or a distinguishing placard issued pursuant to Section 22511.55 or
22511.59. Whenever a local authority so designates a parking space,
it shall be indicated by blue paint on the curb or edge of the paved
portion of the street adjacent to the space. In addition to blue
paint, the space shall also be indicated by signs or other suitable
means. In areas where snow or ice may obscure the blue paint, a
clearly visible sign appropriately designating the space is
sufficient for purposes of this section.
This section does not restrict the privilege granted to disabled
persons and disabled veterans by Section 22511.5.
22511.8. (a) Any local authority, by ordinance or resolution, and
any person in lawful possession of an offstreet parking facility may
designate stalls or spaces in an offstreet parking facility owned or
operated by the local authority or person for the exclusive use of
any vehicle which displays either a special identification license
plate issued pursuant to Section 5007 or a distinguishing placard
issued pursuant to Section 22511.55 or 22511.59. The designation
shall be made by posting a sign as described in paragraph (1), and by
either of the markings described in paragraph (2) or (3):
(1) By posting immediately adjacent to, and visible from, each
stall or space, a sign consisting of a profile view of a wheelchair
with occupant in white on a blue background.
(2) By outlining or painting the stall or space in blue and
outlining on the ground in the stall or space in white or suitable
contrasting color a profile view depicting a wheelchair with
occupant.
(3) By outlining a profile view of a wheelchair with occupant in
white on a blue background, of the same dimensions as in paragraph
(2). The profile view shall be located so that it is visible to a
traffic enforcement officer when a vehicle is properly parked in the
space.
(b) If posted in accordance with subdivision (d) or (e), the owner
or person in lawful possession of a privately owned or operated
offstreet parking facility, after notifying the police or sheriff's
department, may cause the removal of a vehicle from a stall or space
designated pursuant to subdivision (a) in the facility to the nearest
public garage unless a special identification license plate issued
pursuant to Section 5007 or distinguishing placard issued pursuant to
Section 22511.55 or 22511.59 is displayed on the vehicle.
(c) If posted in accordance with subdivision (d), the local
authority owning or operating an offstreet parking facility, after
notifying the police or sheriff's department, may cause the removal
of a vehicle from a stall or space designated pursuant to subdivision
(a) in the facility to the nearest public garage unless a special
identification license plate issued pursuant to Section 5007 or a
distinguishing placard issued pursuant to Section 22511.55 or
22511.59 is displayed on the vehicle.
(d) Except as provided in Section 22511.9, the posting required
for an offstreet parking facility owned or operated either privately
or by a local authority shall consist of a sign not less than 17 by
22 inches in size with lettering not less than one inch in height
which clearly and conspicuously states the following: "Unauthorized
vehicles not displaying distinguishing placards or license plates
issued for physically handicapped persons will be towed away at owner'
s expense. Towed vehicles may be reclaimed at
______________________________________ or by telephoning
(Address)
_______________________________________________________."
(Telephone number of local law enforcement agency)
The sign shall be posted in either of the following locations:
(1) Immediately adjacent to, and visible from, the stall or space.
(2) In a conspicuous place at each entrance to the offstreet
parking facility.
(e) If the parking facility is privately owned and public parking
is prohibited by the posting of a sign meeting the requirements of
paragraph (1) of subdivision (a) of Section 22658, the requirements
of subdivision (b) may be met by the posting of a sign immediately
adjacent to, and visible from, each stall or space indicating that a
vehicle not meeting the requirements of subdivision (a) will be
removed at the owner's expense and containing the telephone number of
the local traffic law enforcement agency.
(f) This section does not restrict the privilege granted to
disabled persons and disabled veterans by Section 22511.5.
22511.85. Any vehicle equipped with a side-loading lift or ramp
that is used for the loading and unloading of disabled persons may
park in not more than two adjacent stalls or spaces in any public
off-street parking facility when loading or unloading disabled
persons, if there is no single parking space immediately available
within that facility that is suitable for that purpose including, but
not limited to, when there is not sufficient space to operate a
vehicle lift or ramp or there is not sufficient room for a disabled
person to exit the vehicle or maneuver once outside the vehicle.
22511.9. Every new or replacement sign installed on or after
January 1, 1992, relating to parking privileges for disabled persons
shall refer to "disabled persons" rather than "physically handicapped
persons" or any other similar term, whenever such a reference is
required on a sign.
22511.10. The Legislature hereby finds and declares all of the
following:
(a) Two and one-half million Californians suffer from some form of
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Those persons who are not in
wheelchairs have difficulty walking long distances.
(b) Encouraging those with physical disabilities to engage in
activities outside of the home promotes better health and
self-esteem, thereby lowering health costs.
(c) Placing disabled person parking spaces closest to the main
entrances of buildings does not cost taxpayers, but provides
accessibility to the physically disabled.
(d) It is the intent of the Legislature, in enacting Section
22511.11, to direct the Office of the State Architect to propose
regulations that require disabled person parking spaces to be located
on the shortest accessible route of travel to an accessible entrance
or exit of a building or parking facility.
22511.11. (a) The Office of the State Architect shall propose
regulations specifying the location of disabled person parking stalls
or spaces designated pursuant to Section 22511.8, for parking
facilities constructed or reconstructed pursuant to a building permit
issued on or after October 1, 1993. In specifying the placement of
those stalls or spaces near buildings or facilities and within
parking structures, consideration shall be given to the special
access needs of disabled persons.
(b) The Office of the State Architect shall submit the regulations
proposed pursuant to subdivision (a) to the State Building Standards
Commission on or before July 1, 1993, for approval, adoption, and
publication in Title 24 of the California Code of Regulations.
22512. Except as otherwise indicated in subdivision (b), none of
the following provisions shall apply to the driver or owner of any
service vehicle owned or operated by or for or operated under
contract with a utility or public utility, whether privately,
municipally, or publicly owned, used in the construction, operation,
removal, or repair of utility or public utility property or
facilities, if warning devices are displayed and when the vehicle is
stopped, standing, or parked at the site of work involving the
construction, operation, removal, or repair of the utility or public
utility property or facilities upon, in, over, under, or adjacent to
a highway, bicycle lane, bikeway, or bicycle path or trail, or of a
vehicle, whether privately, municipally, or publicly owned, if
warning devices are displayed and when the vehicle is engaged in
authorized work on the highway, bicycle lane, bikeway, or bicycle
path or trail:
(a) Sections 21112, 21211, 21707, 21708, 22507.6, 24605, 25253,
25300, 27700, and 27907.
(b) This chapter, except Sections 22507, 22509, 22515, and 22517.
(c) Chapter 10 (commencing with Section 22650).
22513. (a) Except as provided in subdivision (b) or (c), the owner
or operator of a tow truck who complies with the requirements of this
code relating to tow trucks may stop or park the tow truck upon a
highway for the purpose of rendering assistance to a disabled
vehicle.
(b) It is a misdemeanor for the owner or operator of a tow truck
to stop at the scene of an accident or near a disabled vehicle for
the purpose of soliciting an engagement for towing services, either
directly or indirectly, or to furnish any towing services, unless
summoned to the scene, requested to stop, or flagged down by the
owner or operator of a disabled vehicle or requested to perform the
service by a law enforcement officer or public agency pursuant to
that agency's procedures.
(c) It is a misdemeanor for the owner or operator of a tow truck
to move any vehicle from a highway, street, or public property
without the express authorization of the owner or operator of the
vehicle or a law enforcement officer or public agency pursuant to
that agency's procedures, when the vehicle has been left unattended
or when there is an injury as the result of an accident.
(d) This section shall not apply to the following:
(1) A vehicle owned or operated by, or under contract to, a motor
club, as defined by Section 12142 of the Insurance Code, which stops
to provide services for which compensation is neither requested nor
received, provided that those services may not include towing other
than that which may be necessary to remove the vehicle to the nearest
safe shoulder. The owner or operator of such a vehicle may contact
a law enforcement agency or other public agency on behalf of a
motorist, but may not refer a motorist to a tow truck owner or
operator, unless the motorist is a member of the motor club, the
motorist is referred to a tow truck owner or operator under contract
to the motor club, and, if there is a dispatch facility which
services the area and is owned or operated by the motor club, the
referral is made through that dispatch facility.
(2) A tow truck operator employed by a law enforcement agency or
other public agency.
(3) A tow truck owner or operator acting under contract with a law
enforcement or other public agency to abate abandoned vehicles, or
to provide towing service or emergency road service to motorists
while involved in freeway service patrol operations, to the extent
authorized by law.
22514. No person shall stop, park, or leave standing any vehicle
within 15 feet of a fire hydrant except as follows:
(a) If the vehicle is attended by a licensed driver who is seated
in the front seat and who can immediately move such vehicle in case
of necessity.
(b) If the local authority adopts an ordinance or resolution
reducing that distance. If the distance is less than 10 feet total
length when measured along the curb or edge of the street, the
distance shall be indicated by signs or markings.
(c) If the vehicle is owned or operated by a fire department and
is clearly marked as a fire department vehicle.
22515. (a) No person driving, or in control of, or in charge of, a
motor vehicle shall permit it to stand on any highway unattended
without first effectively setting the brakes thereon and stopping the
motor thereof.
(b) No person in control of, or in charge of, any vehicle, other
than a motor vehicle, shall permit it to stand on any highway without
first effectively setting the brakes thereon, or blocking the wheels
thereof, to effectively prevent the movement of the vehicle.
22516. No person shall leave standing a locked vehicle in which
there is any person who cannot readily escape therefrom.
22517. No person shall open the door of a vehicle on the side
available to moving traffic unless it is reasonably safe to do so and
can be done without interfering with the movement of such traffic,
nor shall any person leave a door open on the side of a vehicle
available to moving traffic for a period of time longer than
necessary to load or unload passengers.
22518. Fringe and transportation corridor parking facilities
constructed, maintained, or operated by the Department of
Transportation pursuant to Section 146.5 of the Streets and Highways
Code shall be used only by persons using a bicycle or public transit,
or engaged in ridesharing, including, but not limited to, carpools
or vanpools. No person shall park any vehicle 30 feet or more in
length or engage in loitering or camping, or vending or any other
commercial activity, on any fringe or transportation corridor parking
facility.
22519. Local authorities may by ordinance or resolution prohibit,
restrict or regulate the parking, stopping or standing of vehicles on
any offstreet parking facility which it owns or operates. No such
ordinance or resolution shall apply until signs giving notice thereof
have been erected.
22520.5. (a) No person shall solicit, display, sell, offer for
sale, or otherwise vend or attempt to vend any merchandise or service
while being wholly or partly within any of the following:
(1) The right-of-way of any freeway, including any on ramp, off
ramp, or roadway shoulder which lies within the right-of-way of the
freeway.
(2) Any roadway or adjacent shoulder within 500 feet of a freeway
off ramp or on ramp.
(3) Any sidewalk within 500 feet of a freeway off ramp or on ramp,
when vending or attempting to vend to vehicular traffic.
(b) Subdivision (a) does not apply to a roadside rest area or
vista point located within a freeway right-of-way which is subject to
Section 22520.6, to a tow truck or service vehicle rendering
assistance to a disabled vehicle, or to a person issued a permit to
vend upon the freeway pursuant to Section 670 of the Streets and
Highways Code.
(c) A violation of this section is an infraction. A second or
subsequent conviction of a violation of this section is a
misdemeanor.
22520.6. (a) No person shall engage in any activity within a
highway roadside rest area or vista point prohibited by rules and
regulations adopted pursuant to Section 225 of the Streets and
Highways Code.
(b) A violation of this section is an infraction. A second or
subsequent conviction of a violation of this section is a
misdemeanor.
22521. No person shall park a vehicle upon any railroad track or
within 7 1/2 feet of the nearest rail.
22522. No person shall park a vehicle within three feet of any
sidewalk access ramp constructed at, or adjacent to, a crosswalk or
at any other location on a sidewalk so as to be accessible to and
usable by the physically disabled, if the area adjoining the ramp is
designated by either a sign or red paint.
22523. (a) No person shall abandon a vehicle upon any highway.
(b) No person shall abandon a vehicle upon public or private
property without the express or implied consent of the owner or
person in lawful possession or control of the property.
(c) Any person convicted of a violation of this section shall be
punished by a fine of not less than one hundred dollars ($100) and
shall provide proof that the costs of removal and disposition of the
vehicle have been paid. No part of any fine imposed shall be
suspended. The fine may be paid in installments if the court
determines that the defendant is unable to pay the entire amount in
one payment.
(d) Proof that the costs of removal and disposition of the vehicle
have been paid shall not be required if proof is provided to the
court that the vehicle was stolen prior to abandonment. That proof
may consist of a police report or other evidence acceptable to the
court.
(e) The costs required to be paid for the removal and disposition
of any vehicle determined to be abandoned pursuant to Section 22669
shall not exceed those for towing and seven days of storage. This
subdivision does not apply if the registered owner or legal owner has
completed and returned to the lienholder a "Declaration of
Opposition" form within the time specified in Section 22851.8.
(f) (1) If a vehicle is abandoned in violation of subdivision (b)
and is not redeemed after impound, the last registered owner is
guilty of an infraction. In addition to any other penalty, the
registered owner shall be liable for any deficiency remaining after
disposal of the vehicle under Section 3071 or 3072 of the Civil Code
or Section 22851.10 of this code.
(2) The filing of a report of sale or transfer of the vehicle
pursuant to Section 5602, the filing of a vehicle theft report with a
law enforcement agency, or the filing of a form or notice with the
department pursuant to subdivision (b) of Section 4456 or Section
5900 or 5901 relieves the registered owner of liability under this
subdivision.
22524. (a) The abandonment of any vehicle in a manner as provided
in Section 22523 shall constitute a prima facie presumption that the
last registered owner of record is responsible for the abandonment
and is thereby liable for the cost of removal and disposition of the
vehicle.
(b) An owner who has made a bona fide sale or transfer of a
vehicle and has delivered possession of the vehicle to a purchaser
may overcome the presumption prescribed in subdivision (a) by
demonstrating that he or she has complied with Section 5900 or
providing other proof satisfactory to the court.
(c) This section shall become operative on July 1, 1989.
22524.5. (a) Any insurer that is responsible for coverage for
ordinary and reasonable towing and storage charges under an
automobile insurance policy to an insured or on behalf of an insured
to a valid claimant, is liable for those charges to the person
performing those services when a vehicle is towed and stored as a
result of an accident or stolen recovery. The insurer may discharge
the obligation by making payment to the person performing the towing
and storage services or to the insured or on behalf of the insured to
the claimant.
(b) Any insured or claimant who has received payment, which
includes towing and storage charges, from an insurer for a loss
relating to a vehicle is liable for those charges to the person
performing those services.
22525. Local authorities may by ordinance or resolution authorize
vanpool vehicles to utilize designated state highway bus stops.
The ordinance or resolution shall be submitted to the Department
of Transportation for approval. No ordinance or resolution shall
become effective until approved by the department. The department
shall review the ordinance or resolution within 45 days after
receipt.
22526. (a) Notwithstanding any official traffic control signal
indication to proceed, a driver of a vehicle shall not enter an
intersection or marked crosswalk unless there is sufficient space on
the other side of the intersection or marked crosswalk to accommodate
the vehicle driven without obstructing the through passage of
vehicles from either side.
(b) A driver of a vehicle which is making a turn at an
intersection who is facing a steady circular yellow or yellow arrow
signal shall not enter the intersection or marked crosswalk unless
there is sufficient space on the other side of the intersection or
marked crosswalk to accommodate the vehicle driven without
obstructing the through passage of vehicles from either side.
(c) A driver of a vehicle shall not enter a railroad or rail
transit crossing, notwithstanding any official traffic control device
or signal indication to proceed, unless there is sufficient space on
the other side of the railroad or rail transit crossing to
accommodate the vehicle driven or there is sufficient undercarriage
clearance to cross the intersection without obstructing the through
passage of a railway vehicle, including, but not limited to, a train,
trolley, or city transit vehicle.
(d) A local authority may post appropriate signs at the entrance
to intersections indicating the prohibition in subdivisions (a), (b),
and (c).
(e) A violation of this section is not a violation of a law
relating to the safe operation of vehicles and is the following:
(1) A stopping violation when a notice to appear has been issued
by a peace officer described in Section 830.1 or 830.2 of the Penal
Code.
(2) A parking violation when a notice of parking violation is
issued by a person, other than a peace officer described in paragraph
(1), who is authorized to enforce parking statutes and regulations.
(f) This section shall be known and may be cited as the
Anti-Gridlock Act of 1987.
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